Electronic device for controlled failure

ABSTRACT

A selectively protected electrical system includes or operates with a power source, a load, a power driver circuit for controllably transferring power from the power source to the load, the power driver circuit being encapsulated in a potting material, and a controller for enabling and disabling the power driver circuit, the controller being un-encapsulated by the potting material. If a contaminant induced electrical fault occurs in the selectively protected electrical system, the electrical fault is more likely to occur in the un-encapsulated controller, such that the selectively protected electrical system is disabled. The contaminant is inhibited from contacting and inducing an electrical fault in the power driver circuit, thus providing for a controlled failure of the selectively protected electrical system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No.11/702,713, filed Feb. 5, 2007, incorporated herein by reference in itsentirety, which is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/815,183,filed Mar. 31, 2004, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety,which is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/013,943, filedDec. 8, 2001, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, which isa Continuation-In-Part of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/838,699, filedApr. 19, 2001, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a system and method for controlled failure inelectronic devices and, in particular embodiments, to selective pottingfor controlling failures in defined operations such as controlledfailure of a pump driver for delivery of medication or drugs to apatient.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There are many types of electronic devices (medical devices, sensingdevices, and the like) that can fail due to moisture or otherenvironmental contaminants coming into contact with the deviceelectronics. A common mechanism is the addition of water to contaminantsthat combine to form ionic solutions that are conductive and may lead tofailure of the electronic device. The failure of such devices may have,in some cases, serious consequences for users of systems which containthe devices. For example, if the device is used in a medical system suchas an infusion pump for the delivery of medications/drugs, a failure ofthe device may lead to accidental over-delivery of themedications/drugs, possibly resulting in injury or death.

One common manner of protecting electrical and electronic components andcircuits in such systems against contact with moisture or otherenvironmental contaminants involves covering the electronics of suchsystems with potting materials that are resistant to contaminants suchas moisture. One drawback of this method is that known potting materialscan fail to protect the electrical system against long-term contaminantpenetration. For example, over time, moisture may diffuse through thepotting material, where the penetrated moisture will likelydetrimentally affect the performance of the electrical system and maylead to unpredictable and possibly dangerous system failures. Also, thepotting materials may degrade, separate or pull away from and expose theelectrical and electronic components and circuits, which may reduce theeffectiveness of the protection by exposing the various components andsystem to contaminants.

The contaminant may pass by or diffuse through the potting material thatcovers particular electrical or electronic components which may be“critical” because they affect a critical operation of a system (i.e.,the failure of which may have serious consequences). Such criticaloperations may include, for example, electronics for controlling a motorthat, for example drives an infusion pump for delivering a medication toa patient. A resulting failure of critical electrical or electroniccomponents due to contact with a contaminant may have seriousconsequences such as those described above.

As discussed above, conventional drug delivery systems such as infusionpumps are examples of systems wherein a failure of the systems'electronics may have serious consequences. An infusion pump system caninclude electronic control circuits and electronic power drivercircuits, as well as other circuitry. The control electronics cancontrol the power driver circuit to drive a motor which, in turn, drivesthe infusion pump. One such drug delivery system is used to deliverinsulin over a period of time and utilizes a variety of motortechnologies to drive an infusion pump. Typical motor technologiesinclude direct current (DC) motors, stepper motors, or solenoid motors.Each motor type has various advantages and disadvantages related tocost, reliability, performance, weight, and safety.

In drug delivery using infusion pumps, the accuracy of medicationdelivery can be critical (such as for insulin, HIV drugs or the like),since minor differences in medication quantity can dramatically affectthe health of the patient. Thus, safeguards must be designed into thedelivery system to protect the patient from over or under delivery ofmedication. For example, in the case where insulin is administered viaan infusion pump to a diabetic patient, excessive drug delivery couldcause complications due to hypoglycemia, and could possibly even resultin death. Therefore, controlled delivery with safeguards againstover-delivery of medications is required for drug delivery systems whenover-delivery could result in complications, permanent damage, or deathof the patient.

In conventional systems, these safeguards against over-delivery havebeen incorporated into the drive systems of infusion pumps in varyingways. For example, the motor control electronics utilize cross checks,encoder counts, motor current consumption, occlusion detection, or thelike, as a form of feedback to guard against over or under delivery ofmedication. However, one drawback to this approach can occur if thecontrol electronics in a DC motor driven infusion pump were to fail,such that a direct short occurs from the power source to a DC motor inthe infusion pump. For example, in one failure mode, it would bepossible for the DC motor to drive continuously for an excessive periodof time, for example, until the power source was depleted or removed, oruntil the short was removed. This condition is commonly referred to asmotor “run away”, and could result in all of the medication contained inthe infusion pump being infused immediately over too short a period oftime resulting in injury or death to the patient.

To avoid this drawback, some infusion pump manufactures have avoided theuse of DC motors and have instead utilized solenoid or stepper motortechnologies. With these motor types, any short in the controlelectronics, would only result in, at most, a single motor step.Therefore, motor “run away” would not occur. Thus, this minimizes therisk of a “run away” failure. However, a drawback to the use of solenoidor stepper motor technologies is they generally have a less efficientperformance with regard to battery energy, tend to cost more as comparedto the DC motors, and may only be capable of running in one direction(i.e. not reversible).

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

It is an object of embodiments of the present invention to provide asystem and method of selectively protecting electrical and/or electroniccomponents or circuits within a particular system to provide forcontrolling a system failure in a manner where the likelihood of afailure that causes damage or an undesired (or dangerous) condition isreduced.

Embodiments of the invention employ a selective potting system andmethod for this purpose. According to embodiments of the presentinvention, critical electrical and electronic components and/or circuitsof a system are encapsulated in a potting material. Non-criticalcomponents of the system may remain un-encapsulated. The un-encapsulatednon-critical components are selected to be components that are likely tocontact a contaminant and fail in a predictable or desired manner. Thus,the failure of the non-critical components may disable the protectedsystem in the event that the system becomes contaminated. Accordingly,the system may be disabled before the critical electrical and electroniccomponents and/or circuits can be contacted by the contaminant, whichcould then fail in a manner that would be undesirable, dangerous, ordamaging to the system. It is the purpose of the invention to controlthe failure of a system by deliberately exposing components of thesystem to contaminant failure while protecting other system components.Embodiments of the invention may be employed in various electrical andelectronic systems, including control systems, guidance systems,navigation systems, fusing systems, acquisition and tracking systems,command systems, sensor systems, power systems, communication systems,computer systems, network systems, processors, or the like, andparticularly, automotive and aircraft control systems, sensors and othermonitoring devices, military systems for ordinance delivery, medicaldevices, computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and the like.

One embodiment of the present invention is employed in a fluid deliverysystem including an infusion device for delivering amedication/drug/fluid. An example infusion device is driven by a DCmotor. The DC motor may also include safety enhancements such as safetycircuits, which obviate, for practical purposes, the above mentionedlimitations.

According to an embodiment of the invention, a selectively protectedelectrical system includes or operates with a power source, a load, apower driver circuit for controllably transferring power from the powersource to the load, the power driver circuit being encapsulated in apotting material, and a controller for enabling and disabling the powerdriver circuit, the controller being un-encapsulated by the pottingmaterial. If a contaminant induced electrical fault occurs in theselectively protected electrical system, the electrical fault is morelikely to occur in the un-encapsulated controller, such that theselectively protected electrical system is disabled. The contaminant isthus inhibited from inducing an electrical fault in the power drivercircuit. Other embodiments may employ other types of drive motorcircuits having critical and non-critical components. Selectiveprotection in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be usedin combination with embodiments of the safety circuit system or in thealternative.

According to other embodiments of the invention, a safety circuit systemfor a DC driven device for use with a fluid delivery system includes afirst voltage potential DC power line, a second voltage potential DCpower line, a controller and a safety circuit. The first voltagepotential DC power line is coupled to provide a first voltage potentialto the DC driven device, and the second voltage potential DC power lineis coupled to provide a second voltage potential to the DC driven devicesuch that the second voltage potential is different relative to thefirst potential. The controller controls at least the first voltagepotential on the first voltage potential DC power line. The safetycircuit has an enable state and a disable state, in which the defaultstate is the disable state. The safety circuit is coupled to thecontroller, and the controller controls the safety circuit to place thesafety circuit in the enable state independently of controlling thefirst voltage potential on the first voltage potential DC power line.The safety circuit is operatively coupled to at least one of the firstand second voltage potential DC power lines to inhibit DC flow andoperation of the DC driven device when the safety circuit is in thedisable state and to permit DC flow and operation of the DC drivendevice when the safety circuit is in the enable state such that theoperation of the DC driven device will occur when the safety circuit isin the enable state. In preferred embodiments, the DC driven device is aDC motor in an infusion pump. Alternatively, the DC driven device is agas generator in an infusion pump. In preferred embodiments, the safetycircuit is controlled by an AC signal from the controller such that thesafety circuit is enabled by the AC signal to permit DC flow and enablethe forward motion of the DC motor while the AC signal is provided bythe controller.

In embodiments that utilize a DC motor with a safety circuit, the safetycircuit being in the disable state operates to inhibit the forwardmotion of the DC motor when the difference of the first voltagepotential relative to second voltage potential is positive. In addition,the safety circuit being in the disable state is inoperative to inhibita reverse motion of the DC motor when the difference of the firstvoltage potential relative to second voltage potential is negative.Alternatively, or in addition to, the safety circuit being in thedisable state operates to inhibit a reverse motion of the DC motor whenthe difference of the first voltage potential relative to second voltagepotential is negative. In addition, the safety circuit being in thedisable state operates to inhibit the forward motion of the DC motorwhen the difference of the first voltage potential relative to secondvoltage potential is negative. Further, the safety circuit being in thedisable state is inoperative to inhibit a reverse motion of the DC motorwhen the difference of the first voltage potential relative to secondvoltage potential is positive. Alternatively, the safety circuit beingin the disable state operates to inhibit a reverse motion of the DCmotor when the difference of the first voltage potential relative tosecond voltage potential is positive.

Preferred embodiments are directed to an infusion pump, in which thesafety circuit is used to prevent operation of the DC motor during acontroller failure to prevent accidental delivery of excess fluid. Inparticular embodiments, the safety circuit is integral with the DCmotor. In other embodiments, the safety circuit is co-located with thecontroller. Other features and advantages of the invention will becomeapparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunctionwith the accompanying drawings which illustrate, by way of example,various features of embodiments of the invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A detailed description of embodiments of the invention will be made withreference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numerals designatecorresponding parts in the several figures.

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a safety circuit in accordance with afirst embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 is an illustrative schematic diagram of a safety circuit inaccordance with a second embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a safety circuit in accordance with athird embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a safety circuit that is a variation ofthe embodiment shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5( a) is a schematic diagram of a safety circuit that is a furthervariation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 5( b) is a top view of a pin out diagram for a component used inthe circuit shown in FIG. 5( a).

FIG. 5( c) is a top view of a pin out diagram for another component usedin the circuit shown in FIG. 5( a).

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a safety circuit that is yet anothervariation of the embodiment shown in FIG. 3.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a motor in accordance with an embodimentof the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a simplified schematic of a motor and safety circuit inaccordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 9 is a waveform diagram illustrating operation of the safetycircuit and power supplied to a DC motor in accordance with theembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 10 is a waveform diagram illustrating operation of the safetycircuit and power supplied to a DC motor that is an enlarged view of theportion shown in the dashed circle 10-10 of FIG. 9.

FIG. 11 is a waveform diagram illustrating operation of the safetycircuit and power supplied to a DC motor that is an enlarged view of theportion shown in the dashed circle 11-11 of FIG. 9.

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of a printed circuit board usedin a drive system for a DC motor in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates a simplified schematic diagram of an embodiment of apower driver circuit used in a drive system for a DC motor in accordancewith an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14A illustrates a schematic circuit diagram of a drive system for aDC motor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 14B illustrates an ASIC chip for implementing a safety circuit inaccordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 15 illustrates a simplified schematic circuit diagram of adissolvable switch or circuit used to shut-off power to a power drivercircuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 16 illustrates a simplified partial schematic circuit diagram of adissolvable fuse, switch, or circuit used with the power driver circuitin accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 17 illustrates a simplified partial schematic circuit diagram of adissolvable fuse, switch, or circuit used with a DC motor, or the like,in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 18 illustrates a simplified schematic circuit diagram of adissolvable fuse, switch, or circuit used to carry a controller signalin accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 19 illustrates a simplified schematic circuit diagram of adissolvable fuse, switch, or circuit used in a power-carrying portion ofa circuit, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

As shown in the drawings for purposes of illustration, the invention isembodied in a system and method for selectively encapsulating or pottingparticular electrical and/or electronic components and/or circuits whichprovides for controlling a system failure in a manner where thelikelihood of a critical failure is reduced. Encapsulating or pottingparticular electrical and/or electronic components and/or circuits mayinclude covering one or more electrical and/or electronic componentsand/or circuits with a potting material on one or more sides. It mayinclude partially or fully covering the electrical and/or electroniccomponents and/or circuits. Embodiments of the present inventionselectively encapsulate in a potting material a critical portion orportions of a particular electrical or electronic system. A criticalportion of a system may contain critical components for performing acritical operation. Critical components of an electrical or electronicsystem include components that, failing, may cause undesirable,dangerous, and/or damaging operation of the system. Critical portions ofa particular system may include, for example, electronic circuits orcircuit components for controlling a load. A load may include a motor,an actuator, a hydraulic system, a pneumatic system, a pump, acompressor, a turbine, a generator, a valve, and the like. A load mayperform a critical operation such as automobile braking. Criticalportions of a particular system may further include electronic circuitsor circuit components employed in an avionics system for criticaloperations such as controlling, for example, an aileron, rudder, orelevator used to control or guide an aircraft or missile. Furtherexamples include electronic circuits or circuit components used inmedical systems for controlling devices such as infusion pumps forperforming critical operations such as medication/drug delivery, sensorsand monitors for critical operations such as sensing or monitoring apatient's condition, and pacemakers for critical operations such asstimulating or controlling a patient's heart contraction rate. Criticalcomponents may be found in other devices such as control systems,guidance systems, navigation systems, fusing systems, acquisition andtracking systems, command systems, sensor systems, power systems,communication systems, computer systems, network systems, processors, orthe like, and particularly, automotive and aircraft control systems,sensors and other monitoring devices, military systems for ordinancedelivery, medical devices, computers, personal digital assistants(PDAs), and the like, where controlled failure or desired or predicabledisablement is desired or required. Non-critical components of anelectrical or electronic system include components that, failing, maycause disablement or a predictable (or desired) failure of the device orsystem, but are not likely to cause undesirable operation of theelectrical or electronic system.

Example embodiments of the present invention include a power supply, apower driver circuit, a controller, and a load. The power supplyincludes one or more batteries, generators, alternating current (AC) ordirect current (DC) supplies, electrical power sources, and the like.The power supply provides power to the power driver circuit. The powerdriver circuit is connected to the load, and the load is connected tothe power supply completing the circuit. The controller provides signalsto the power driver circuit to cause the power driver circuit to connector disconnect power from the power supply to the load.

Preferred embodiments of the present invention are described in relationto a fluid delivery system for the delivery of a medication/drug.However, other embodiments may be employed in other electrical andelectronic systems having critical and non-critical components.

One embodiment is described in relation to a fluid delivery system usingan infusion pump driven by a DC motor. In one embodiment, the DC motoris driven by a power driver circuit comprising an H-bridge configurationof switching elements. Other embodiments may employ other suitable powerdriver circuits, such as those described below. The power driver circuitis controlled by a controller including control electronics and/or atleast one microprocessor. One or more batteries supply power to thepower driver circuit. The power diver circuit connects or disconnectsthe power to the DC motor when commanded by the controller.

In one embodiment, the power driver circuit is a critical component andthe controller is a non-critical component. The power driver circuit isselectively potted and the controller is left un-potted. Thus, if thesystem comes in contact with a contaminant, an ionic contaminant forexample, the controller is likely to fail and disable the system beforethe power driver circuit can come in contact with the contaminant, thusreducing the possibility of inadvertently powering the load, which inparticular embodiments is a motor.

In other embodiments, the power driver circuit is a critical componentand the power supply is a non-critical component. The power drivercircuit is selectively potted and the power supply is left un-potted.Thus, if the system comes in contact with a contaminant, the powersupply is likely to fail and disable the system before the power drivercircuit can come in contact with the contaminant, thus reducing thepossibility of inadvertently powering the load.

In particular embodiments, leads, traces, or the like from each pole ofthe power supply are left exposed in close proximity to each other sothat a contaminant can cause a short-circuit between the leads, thusremoving or diminishing power to the power driver circuit and/or the DCmotor or other loads. In alternative embodiments, a fuse is includedbetween the power supply and one or more of the exposed leads. When thetwo or more leads from the power supply are shorted together due to acontaminant, the fuse is blown thus removing power. The fuse isprotected from contamination so that the contamination cannot shortacross the fuse.

In some embodiments, a safety circuit for the DC motor, which inhibitsaccidental over delivery of medications/drugs is employed, alternativelyor in addition to, selective potting is used to protect selectedcomponents of the fluid delivery system from contamination.

In further embodiments, one or more dissolvable circuit elements, suchas fuses, may be employed, alternatively or in addition to, selectivepotting. The one or more dissolvable circuit elements may dissolve whencontacted by a contaminant and, for example, open a circuit path. Onceone or more of the dissolvable circuit elements dissolve, the system maybe disabled before the power driver circuit comes in contact with thecontaminant. In further embodiments, the one or more dissolvable circuitelements dissolve in a manner that reduces the resistance of theelectrical path that it covers and causes the circuit path to fullyclose and act as a short.

Yet other embodiments of the present invention may employ one or morecontaminant sensing elements, such as humidity sensors, alternatively orin addition to, selective potting. The one or more contaminant sensingelements may be left un-encapsulated by potting material such that acontaminant may be sensed by the contaminant sensing elements before thecontaminant may contact other portions of the electrical system. In oneembodiment, the one or more contaminant sensing elements may communicatewith a controller or other device operative to produce auser-perceptible signal, such as an audible alarm, vibration, shock,optical indication, a display, transmitting a signal to another device,or the like, to alert a user that a contaminant has been sensed withinthe system. In another embodiment, the one or more contaminant sensingelements may be operative to safely shut down the electrical system oncea contaminant has been sensed.

Although embodiments of the invention are described in relation to amedical system for controlling an infusion pump, one skilled in the artwill understand that embodiments of the present invention may be used inmany other electrical or electronic systems as well to avoidmalfunctions of electronic circuits and/or false readings of a sensor ormonitor. For example, the sensor systems might be used with bloodglucose meters, continuous glucose monitors, heart rate monitors, oxygensensors, or the like. The sensors may be used to monitor or adjusttherapies. Controlled failure and/or disablement of the sensors may berequired to avoid ill-informed therapy adjustments that might lead toadverse results for a patient. Also, embodiments of the presentinvention may be employed in control systems, guidance systems,navigation systems, fusing systems, acquisition and tracking systems,command systems, sensor systems, power systems, communication systems,computer systems, network systems, processors, or the like, andparticularly, automotive and aircraft control systems, sensors and othermonitoring devices, military systems for ordinance delivery, medicaldevices, computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and the like. Infact, embodiments of the present invention may be employed in anyelectrical or electronic system wherein it is advantageous to providefor a controlled failure of the system.

As discussed above, embodiments of the present invention may be employedin a fluid delivery system including an infusion drive mechanism fordelivering a medication, drugs, and/or fluid. Embodiments of the presentinvention may further employ, in addition to selective potting, a safetycircuit employed to inhibit accidental over-delivery ofmedications/drugs due to DC motor control circuit failures.

Some embodiments of safety circuits are first described so that a laterdescription of embodiments of the selective potting system and methodmay be fully understood with regard to the circuits described therein.However, it should be understood that embodiments of the invention mightbe practiced or used without or in addition to the safety circuitsdescribed below. The safety circuits are being merely provided as oneexample to demonstrate an improvement that utilizes selective potting,and the present invention should not be limited to the selective pottingof these particular circuits described below.

In preferred embodiments of these safety circuits, a controller providesa signal to a safety circuit, in addition to providing power for the DCmotor in an infusion pump, that enables the DC motor to operate onlywhen an enabling signal is provided to the safety circuit. However, itwill be recognized that further embodiments of the invention may be usedto inhibit motor operation with additional signals or by controllingother aspects of the infusion pump. The safety circuits are primarilyadapted for use in infusion pumps that deliver medication (or fluid) tosubcutaneous human tissue. However, still further embodiments may beused with infusion pumps for other types of tissue, such as muscle,lymph, organ tissue, veins, arteries or the like, and used in animaltissue. The infusion pumps are also primarily for external use; however,alternative embodiments may be implanted in the body of a patient. Thefluid delivery systems are also primarily for delivery of medication,drugs and/or fluids to a patient; however other embodiments may be usedwith other fluid delivery systems that require a high degree ofconfidence that a DC motor “run away” will not occur, such as in certainmanufacturing techniques or the like. Preferred embodiments are directedto safety circuits for DC motors. However, alternative embodiments maybe used with other DC driven devices, such as a DC activated gasgenerator in an infusion pump or the like.

Preferred embodiments are directed to circuits and methods for using DCmotor technology in fluid delivery systems with additional safetycircuits to prevent DC motor “run away”. Use of this technology obviatesthe need for the use of comparatively less efficient and more expensivestepper motor and solenoid motors. All of the illustrated embodimentsinclude a DC motor and some DC motor control electronics, although othercomponents or DC driven devices may be used. The control electronics maybe relatively simple, such as only including the capability of turningthe DC motor on and off by supplying power for the duration of a keypress, or may be more complex using microprocessors having multipleprogrammable control profiles utilizing feedback from an encoder,driving current or the like.

FIG. 1 illustrates a safety circuit 110 in accordance with a firstembodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, a DC motor 112is configured to have a nominal voltage winding that is significantlyhigher then a supply voltage from a battery 114. To generate asufficient voltage to operate the DC motor 112, the safety circuit 110utilizes a DC-DC step up converter 116 (or similar), that includes anintegral controller 118, between the battery 114 and the DC motor 112 todrive the DC motor 112 at its rated voltage (see FIG. 1). Generally,when a DC motor is supplied with the rated voltage (and also assumingthere is sufficient current available), the DC motor will provide aknown torque. If, for example, the supply voltage is halved, then the DCmotor will only provide approximately half the full voltage outputtorque. However, a two, or more, times DC-DC step up converter could beutilized between the battery and the DC motor to provide the ratedvoltage to the DC motor. Thus, to provide a safety circuit, the nominalmotor voltage winding is selected to be some large multiple of thesupply voltage from the battery, such as ten times, or the like, higherthen the supply voltage from the battery. Therefore, if the battery 114is shorted directly to the DC motor 112 (i.e., as when there is ancontrol electronics 118 failure and/or DC-DC step up converter 116), theDC motor's 112 output torque would only be approximately 1/10 of therated value.

Generally, if the friction in the complete drive system (e.g., drivegears, shaft, or the like) is approximately 1/10 of the nominal ratedvalue, the DC motor 112 will not have enough available torque to drivethe system and cause a “run away” condition. To drive the DC motor 112with sufficient torque, a DC-DC step up converter 116 would be requiredwith approximately a ten times step up capability. For additionalsafety, alternative embodiments of the safety circuit 10 would includethe DC-DC step up converter 116 such that it would only be enabled by anadditional internal signal S1 (shown in dashed lines) from the integralcontrol electronics 118. Thus, if the control electronics 118 were tofail, there would be no enable signal to provide the required step upvoltage to drive the DC motor 12 in a “run away” condition. Alternativeembodiments may utilize different battery supply voltages to ratednominal motor

voltages ratios, with the choice being based on system friction,tolerance for movement, cost of control electronics and DC motors, orthe like. In further alternatives, the control electronics 118 may beseparated from the DC-DC step up converter 116 and provided as adiscrete element that is placed before or after the DC-DC step upconverter 116.

FIG. 2 illustrates a safety circuit 200 in accordance with a secondembodiment of the present invention that builds upon the embodimentshown in FIG. 1. The safety circuit 200 utilizes a DC-DC step upconverter 202 (that includes integral control electronics 210) and aZener diode 204. The DC-DC step up converter 202 converts the supplyvoltage from the battery 206 to a value corresponding to the sum of therated motor winding voltage of the DC motor 208 and the Zener diode 204.For instance, if the DC motor 208 has 3.0 volt motor winding and theZener diode 204 has a breakdown voltage of 2.0 volts, the DC-DC step upconverter 202 must provide 5.0 volts to facilitate operation of the DCmotor 208 at its nominal rated voltage, if it is desired to drive the DCmotor 208 at the rated voltage. Thus, in this example, when the supplyvoltage from the battery 206 is stepped up to 5 volts as a positivevoltage potential, 2 volts are lost through the Zener diode 204 and 3volts are provided for operation of the DC motor 208. In the reversedirection (i.e. a negative voltage potential), the DC-DC step upconverter 202 only needs to step up the 1.5 volts supply voltage fromthe battery 206 to 3 volts, since there is little loss through the Zenerdiode 204 in the reverse direction. In an alternative embodiment, aSchottky diode 250 (shown in dashed lines in FIG. 2) may be placed inparallel with the Zener diode 204 to facilitate a low and predictablevoltage drop in the reverse direction (i.e., negative voltagepotential). Alternatively, if a higher speed rewind (e.g., more torque)is desired and/or required, the DC-DC step up converter 202 can still bestepped up to the 5 volts to over drive the 3 volt rated DC motor 208.Alternatively, the DC-DC step up converter 202 can provide a range ofvarious voltage values to drive the DC motor 208 at different ratings ineither the forward or the reverse directions.

In this embodiment, if the integral control electronics 210 failed andcaused a direct short between the battery 206 and the DC motor 208 withthe reversed biased Zener diode 204 (or a reversed biased Zener diode204 in parallel with a Schottky diode 250), the DC motor 208 would notoperate in the forward direction (i.e., there would be no drugdelivery), and would have only a fraction of the rated torque in therewind direction (or no rewinding if sufficient friction is present inthe drive mechanism). For additional safety, alternative embodiments ofthe safety circuit 200 would include the DC-DC step up converter 202such that it would only be enabled by an additional internal signal S2(shown in dashed lines) from the control electronics 210. Thus, if thecontrol electronics 210 were to fail, there would be no enable signal toprovide the required step up voltage to drive the DC motor 208 in a “runaway” condition. In preferred embodiments, the Zener diode 204 iscontained within the DC motor package 212 (see also FIG. 7) so that theDC motor 208 is protected independently of the type of controlelectronics 210 to which the DC motor 208 is connected. In alternativeembodiments, the Zener diode 204 could be contained within the controlelectronics and the electronics are then connected to a conventional DCmotor (see also FIG. 8). In alternative embodiments, a second Zenerdiode may be used, which is reversed with respect to the first diode andin series with the first diode such that the DC motor operates similarlyin both directions. In the event of direct short to the DC motor in thereverse direction, the battery voltage would not be enough to run themotor 208 in either direction. In further alternatives, the controlelectronics 210 may be separated from the DC-DC step up converter 202and provided as a discrete element that is placed before or after theDC-DC step up converter 202.

In the first two embodiments, “run away” of the DC motor issubstantially prevented However, if the system were to fail such that ashort were maintained between the stepped up voltage from the DC-DCconverter to the DC motor and/or the Zener diode failed, then thepotential for motor “run away” exists with the above embodiments.

FIG. 3 illustrates a safety circuit 300 in accordance with a thirdembodiment of the present invention, which includes further enhancementsto provide protection against DC motor 302 “run away”. The safetycircuit 300 includes additional electronics added to the DC motorpackage (as shown in FIG. 7) that are independent of the controlelectronics. Alternatively, the additional electronics may be includedin the control electronics (as shown in FIG. 8) or as a separate set ofcontrol electronics (not shown). In preferred embodiments, the controlelectronics must provide a specific signal (at terminal 3) to theadditional electronics to allow the DC motor 302 to operate. As shown inFIG. 3, the rated supply voltage from the battery (not shown) issupplied to terminals 1 and 2 as a negative and positive voltagepotential, respectively, to control operation of the DC motor 302 in theforward direction. However, current will not pass through the DC motor302 until a specific AC signal (e.g., a 3 volt Peak-to-Peak Square waveat approximately 32 kHz—see FIGS. 9-11) is provided to terminal 3 andthe safety circuit 300 by the control electronics. This provides asecond independent system to control the operation of the DC motor 302.For a “run away” to occur the control electronics must short the batteryto the power terminals 1 and 2, and must also provide an AC signal toterminal 3 of the safety circuit 300. Thus, if a direct short does occurbetween the battery and the power terminals 1 and 2 with the safetycircuit 300, the DC motor 302 will not operate, since the required ACsignal at terminal 3 is not present. Preferably, the safety circuit 300uses two Schottky diodes 304 and 306 (e.g., BAT54SCT-ND from Zetex) anda FET 308 ((e.g., IRMLMS1902 from International Rectifier).

In operation, when the control electronics provide a positive DC voltagepotential at terminal 2, and a negative voltage potential at terminal 1,the DC motor 302 will not operate since the gate G of the FET 308 doesnot have a positive signal applied to it derived from the input atterminal 3 of the safety circuit 300. In this situation, the gate Gblocks the flow of current from the drain D to the source S of the FET308. DC flow through terminal 3 is blocked by the capacitor C1. Thus,the DC motor 302 will not operate, if there is no AC signal applied toterminal 3 of the safety circuit 300.

When an AC voltage potential signal (e.g., a 3 volt Peak to Peak squarewave at a frequency of approximately 32 kHz—see FIGS. 9-11) is appliedto terminal 3 of the safety circuit 300, Schottky diodes 304 and 306rectify and double the signal to positively bias the gate G, currentthen flows from the drain D to the source S of the FET 308 and toterminal 1. This in turn drives the DC motor 302, which is connected tothe positive DC voltage potential at terminal 2. In alternativeembodiments, a different number of components, such as diodes,capacitors, resistors, or the like, may be used. In addition, theselection of the type of FET, diode, size of the voltage potentials onterminals 1, 2 and 3, the AC signal type (including duration of peaks,waveform and frequency), may be different, with the selection beingdependent on motor nominal operating voltage, system friction,tolerances, safety issues, control electronics, or the like.

In preferred embodiments, the safety circuit 300 uses the additional ACsignal to control the forward operation of the DC motor 302, sinceconcerns over DC motor “run away” arise mainly from the possibility ofover-delivery of a fluid due to the failure of the safety circuit 300.There is less concern for the situation, in which the fluid deliverysystem rewinds, since no fluid would be delivered in that scenario.However, in alternative embodiments, the drive system may also use anadditional signal to control operation of the DC motor in the rewinddirection.

FIG. 4 illustrates a safety circuit 400 in accordance with a fourthembodiment of the present invention. This safety circuit 400 is similarto the embodiment of FIG. 3, but utilizes a BJT 402 (FMMT 491ACT-ND fromZetex) instead of the FET 308, and an additional Schottky diode 404(e.g., BAT54CT-ND from Zetex).

FIGS. 5( a)-(c) illustrate a safety circuit 500 in accordance with afifth embodiment of the present invention. This safety circuit 500 isalso similar to the embodiment of FIG. 3, but utilizes FET 502 (IRLM1902from International Rectifier) instead of the FET 308, and an additionalSchottky diode 504 (e.g., BAT54CT-ND from Zetex).

FIG. 6 illustrates a safety circuit 600 in accordance with a sixthembodiment of the present invention. This safety circuit 600 is similarto the embodiment of FIG. 3, but utilizes FET 606 (IRLM1902 fromInternational Rectifier) instead of the FET 308, and an additionalSchottky diode (e.g., BAT545CT-ND from Zetex). In addition, thecapacitors and resistors are selected to form a bandpass filter toprovide better noise isolation and circuit performance. Performance ofthe safety circuit 600 as it provides power to the DC motor 604 from abattery 602 is illustrated in FIGS. 9-11.

FIG. 7 illustrates a perspective view of a DC motor package 700 thatincludes a safety circuit 702 within the package 700 holding a DC motor704. An advantage to this configuration arises from the fact that the DCmotor 704 includes the safety circuit 702, which must be connected, andenabled, or the DC motor 704 will not operate. This minimizes thepossibility that a DC motor 704 will be improperly installed in a fluiddelivery device by assuring that an AC signal must be provided to theterminal input 3 on wire 706 to enable the DC motor 704 to operate. Inalternative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8, the fluid delivery system800 includes an additional safety circuit 802 (i.e., in addition toother switches and controls found in the control circuitry), which iscontained within the control electronics 804. The control electronics804 are then connected to a standard, two-input DC motor 806, withoutthe need for an additional connection to the DC motor 806. For instance,the safety circuit 802 operates a switch 808 to enable power to pass toand drive the DC motor 806.

FIGS. 9-11 illustrate operational waveforms for the safety circuit 600(see FIG. 6) as DC current is applied to the circuit. As shown in FIG.9, when DC current is applied to the DC motor 604 in graph section 902,no current is drawn since the AC enable signal in graph section 908 isnot present. When the AC signal is applied in graph section 910, the DCcurrent is quickly applied to the DC motor 604 by the battery 602, asshown by the graph section 904. When the AC enable signal is removed, asshown in graph section 912, the DC power supplied to the DC motor 604 iscutoff, as shown in graph section 906. FIGS. 10 and 11 highlight andexpand portions of FIG. 9 to illustrate the AC signal used and theresponse of the safety circuit 600. The illustrated AC signal is atapproximately 3 volts peak-to-peak at a frequency of approximately 32kHz. However, in alternative embodiments, different shape waveforms,such as saw tooth, sinusoidal, or the like may be used. In addition,different voltage ranges may be used, with the selection being dependenton the rated motor output and the application in which the motor isbeing used. Further, higher or lower frequencies may be utilized, withthe selection be dependent on the response characteristics of the safetycircuit, noise, or the like. The delays observed in FIGS. 10 and 11 area result of the smoothing and bandpass filters used in the safetycircuit 600. For instance it takes approximately 125 microseconds forthe DC motor 604 to respond after the AC signal is provided, and about80 microseconds for the DC motor 604 to respond to termination of the ACsignal. One advantage of having the DC current ramp up and down is thatit minimizes the effects of voltage spikes and electromagneticinterference.

Further embodiments may employ alternative or additional safeguardscomprising or including selective potting of circuit portions and/orelements. As is well known, potting material protects electrical andelectronic components from external effects, such as moisture and othercontaminants. However, even when generally well-sealed againstpenetration by moisture and other contaminants, known potting materialstypically fail to protect the electrical system against long-termcontaminant penetration due to creep, differences in thermal expansion(heat cycling), poor sealing or adhesion; poor workmanship; degradationof the potting materials mechanical working, such as flexing, bending,torquing, shear, shock, vibration, tension or compression; or the like.For example, moisture diffusion through the potting material will likelydetrimentally affect the performance of the electrical system and maylead to unpredictable system failures.

As an example, infusion devices like those described above may employ adrive system including a power driver portion and a controller portion.The controller portion provides a signal to the power driver portion tocontrol the power driver portion. The power driver portion transferspower from a power source to the drive system, such as a DC motor, apowered and/or controlled drive mechanism, or the like, that drives theinfusion device. Typical power sources include, but are not limited to,a battery, power supply, AC source, DC source, solar cell, or the like.In one possible failure mode, the moisture may penetrate the pottingmaterial covering the power driver portion and cause a direct short fromthe power source to the drive system. Thus, it would be possible for thedrive mechanism to run away. As a result, all of the medicationcontained in the infusion device may be infused over too short a periodresulting in injury or death to the patient. However, in anotherpossible failure mode, the contaminant may first penetrate the pottingmaterial covering the controller portion of the drive system and/or thepower source. If an electrical fault, a short-circuit for example,occurred in the controller portion as a result, the likelihood of drivesystem runaway may be reduced. This is because the controller portionand/or power source of the drive system may become disabled before thecontaminant penetrates and short-circuits the power driver portion ofthe drive system, which would prevent power from reaching the DC motoreven if the power driver portion provides a current path due toshort-circuits. Thus, by selectively potting critical circuit portionsor elements, an electrical fault may be selectively isolated to apredetermined portion, element, or circuit path within an electrical orelectronic system, or at least the electrical fault will occur in theun-potted non-critical portion, element, or circuit before an electricalfault develops in a potted critical portion, element, or circuit. Inthis manner, a failure of that system may be controlled to occur in anon-critical portion of the system. In other words, a non-criticalportion of the system may be left exposed to any contaminants such thatthe system fails in a defined or safe manner, such as turning theinfusion device (and/or drive system) off, indicating that a failureand/or leak has occurred, placing the device in a stable unalterableoperational state, or the like.

FIG. 12 illustrates a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a printedcircuit board 1200 used in a drive system for a DC motor 1202. DC motor1202 may be used, for example, in a medical infusion device. The portionof circuit board 1200 enclosed in the dashed lines and designated asview C comprises a portion of the drive system used as a power drivercircuit for transferring power from a power source (not shown) to the DCmotor 1202. The remainder of circuit board 1200 comprises a controllerportion of the drive system used for enabling and disabling the powerdriver circuit. The controller portion may include control electronicsand/or one or more microprocessors. The controller portion may furtherinclude a step up converter as described above with respect to FIGS. 1and 2. Furthermore, the controller portion may also include a safetycircuit such as that described with reference to FIG. 6. Alternatively,the safety circuit may be integral to the DC motor.

FIG. 13 shows a simplified schematic diagram of an embodiment of a powerdriver circuit 1300 shown as view C in FIG. 12. FIG. 13 further showssimplified block diagrams of the controller 1302 and safety circuit1304, illustrating in a simplified manner how they are coupled to thepower driver circuit 1300 in one embodiment. In FIG. 13, the controller1302 is not co-located with the power driver circuit 1300 on circuitboard 1200. In further embodiments, safety circuit 1304 may beco-located with the controller 1302 on the controller portion of circuitboard 1200 or may, in other embodiments, be integral to DC motor 1314.Alternative embodiments may be utilized with more or less complicatedcircuits.

The power driver circuit 1300 shown in FIG. 13 has an H-bridgeconfiguration including first and second pairs of switching elementshaving conducting and non-conducting states. The first and second pairsof switching elements, as well as the safety circuit 1304 are coupled tothe controller as represented by the dashed lines. The first pair ofswitching elements 1306, 1312 are enabled to be in a conducting state toconduct a first current from a first terminal of battery 1316, throughthe winding of the DC motor 1314 and back to a second terminal ofbattery 1316, when a first signal is received from the controller 1302.If the controller 1302 also sends an enable signal to the safetycircuit, a first current will be established in the winding of the DCmotor 1314 and the motor may turn in a first direction.

The second pair of switching elements 1308, 1310 are enabled to be in aconducting state to conduct a second current from the first terminal ofbattery 1316 through the winding of the DC motor 1314 and back to thesecond terminal of battery 1316 through the winding of the DC motor 1314when a second signal is received from the controller 1302. If thecontroller 1302 also sends an enable signal to the safety circuit, asecond current will be established in the winding of the DC motor 1314and the motor may turn in a second direction. Thus, bi-directionalcurrent flow is established in the stator winding since the firstcurrent is in a direction through the winding that is opposite from thedirection of the second current.

It can be seen from FIG. 13 that if a contamination induced shortcircuit occurs in the power driver circuit 1300 where either the firstor second pair of switching elements are short circuited, it would bepossible for the DC motor 1314 to run away. It can also be seen fromFIG. 13 that the first and second pairs of switching elements areenabled and disabled by the controller 1302. Thus, according to oneembodiment of the present invention, the controller 1302 is un-pottedand is thus more likely to be exposed to a contaminant and becomedisabled prior to the contaminant shorting the first or second pairs ofH-bridge switching elements. Once the controller 1302 is disabled, thecontroller fails to provide enable signals to the first or second pairof switching elements and/or to the safety circuit 1304. Therefore, thedrive system may be disabled before the first and/or second pairs ofswitching elements can be short circuited, thus protecting against DCmotor run away.

Possible effects of a contamination induced short circuit on the powerdriver circuit of FIG. 13 are described in more detail with reference toFIG. 14A. FIG. 14A illustrates a schematic diagram of a component levelview of one embodiment of a drive system as shown in FIG. 13, includinga DC motor 1408, an H-bridge configuration of switching elements 1414,1420, 1440, and 1442, a controller 1402, and a power source 1404, 1406.For the sake of clarity, it will be assumed when describing theoperation of the power driver circuit shown in FIG. 14A that the DCmotor 1408 is a normal DC motor and not a safety motor. Therefore, asafety circuit, such as the safety circuit 1304 shown in FIG. 13, is notshown in the circuit in FIG. 14A. It should be understood, however, thatif a safety motor were used in place of a normal DC motor, forwardmotion of the DC motor 1408 in the following description of FIG. 14Awould not occur unless the conditions of the safety circuit were met asdescribed above with regard to various embodiments of the safetycircuit. An exemplary embodiment of a safety circuit 1405 may beimplemented in an ASIC chip 1405 having a crystal oscillator 1438, asshown in FIG. 14B.

Referring again to FIG. 14A, the portion of the drive system enclosedwithin dashed line 1401 represents one embodiment of the H-bridgeconfiguration of switching elements and associated componentscorresponding to the generalized illustration of the power drivercircuit shown in FIG. 13. The controller (corresponding to controller1302 of FIG. 13) includes a motor micro-controller 1402 having a crystaloscillator 1436. The power source comprises a battery 1404 and motorpower supply 1406 coupled to the power driver circuit to provide powerto DC motor 1408. In one embodiment, the power supply output 1410 ofmotor power supply 1406 is set to 2 volts for forward mode and is set to5 volts for reverse mode. Due to the configuration of the power supply,the battery 1404 voltage is present at the power supply output 1410 whenmotor power supply 1406 is disabled. Thus, unless the battery is removedor shorted, a minimum voltage of about 1.5 volts is present at powersupply output 1410.

Various possible short circuit conditions may occur in a drive systemand may lead to DC motor run away. For example, a contamination inducedshort circuit condition may occur which shorts point 1412 to ground1403. As a result of this condition, switching element 1414 will beturned on and a first terminal 1416 of DC motor 1408 will be energizedwith the voltage present at power supply output 1410. Similarly, ifpoint 1418 is shorted to ground 1403, switching element 1420 will beturned on and the other terminal 1422 of DC motor 1408 will be energizedwith the voltage present at power supply output 1410. Thus, either ofthese short circuit conditions allows power to be supplied to one sideof the DC motor 1408. If a short circuit also occurs that shorts eitherpoint 1424 or 1426, respectively, to ground 1403, a current path iscreated which will result in the running of DC motor 1408.

A further contamination induced short circuit condition may occur thatcauses a short across the source and drain terminals of switchingelement 1414. If this condition occurs, switching element 1414 will bebypassed and terminal 1416 of DC motor 1408 will be energized with thevoltage present at power supply output 1410. Similarly, a short circuitcondition may occur that causes a short across the source and drainterminals of switching element 1420. If this condition occurs, switchingelement 1420 will be bypassed and terminal 1422 of DC motor 1408 will beenergized with the voltage present at power supply output 1410. If ashort circuit also occurs that shorts either point 1424 or 1426 toground 1403, a current path is created that will result in the runningof DC motor 1408.

Another contamination induced short circuit condition may occur thatcauses a short across the source and drain terminals of switchingelement 1430. If this condition occurs, switching element 1430 will bebypassed and one entire arm of the H-bridge will be turned on and the DCmotor will move in the forward direction. Similarly, a short circuitcondition may occur that causes a short across the source and drainterminals of switching element 1434. If this condition occurs, switchingelement 1434 will be bypassed, and one entire arm of the H-bridge willbe turned on and the DC motor will move in the reverse direction.

Possible short circuit conditions that may occur in the drive system andmay lead to disabling the drive system before DC motor run away canoccur will now be described. A contamination induced short circuitcondition may occur that shorts point 1428 to ground 1403.

If this condition occurs, switching element 1430 cannot turn on and thedrive circuit will be disabled in the forward direction. Similarly, ashort circuit condition may occur that shorts point 1432 to ground 1403.If this condition occurs, switching element 1434 cannot turn on and thedrive circuit will be disabled in the reverse direction.

An additional contamination induced short circuit condition may occurthat shorts the crystal oscillator 1436 of the motor micro-controller1402. If this condition occurs, motor micro-controller 1402 may notoperate to activate motor control signals. Another contamination inducedshort circuit condition may occur that shorts battery 1404. If thiscondition occurs, there will be no power to the motor power supply 1406and the drive system will be disabled.

A further contamination induced short circuit condition may occur thatshorts power supply output 1410 to ground 1403. If this conditionoccurs, power cannot be supplied to the motor and the drive system willbe disabled.

Yet another contamination induced short circuit condition may occur in asafety motor embodiment that shorts crystal oscillator 1438 of thesafety circuit 1405. In a safety motor embodiment, if this conditionoccurs, the ASIC cannot generate the safety circuit signal that willallow the safety motor to move, as described above.

As seen from the above description of FIG. 14A, particular short circuitconditions are safer than others, for instance, several of the shortcircuit conditions described above may disable the DC motor fromrunning, while several others may result in DC motor run away. Byselectively encapsulating the portions of the drive system where a shortcircuit condition or other electrical fault may result in motor run away(i.e., the portion enclosed by dashed line 1401), embodiments of thepresent invention protect those portions from exposure to contaminantsthat may cause motor run away, and allow for a controlled, predictableor desired failure of the device.

Furthermore, embodiments of the invention leave un-encapsulated theportions of the drive system, where a short circuit condition or otherelectrical fault is more likely to result in the drive system becomingsafely, controllably, desirably or predictably disabled or failed. Thusthese un-encapsulated portions increase the likelihood that acontaminant induced electrical fault occurs first in the un-encapsulatedportion, to disable the drive system before the contaminant canpenetrate and short circuit the encapsulated portion. Therefore,embodiments of the present invention provide for a controlled failure ofan electrical system, such as the drive system, or other device asdescribed above.

Referring again to FIG. 12, in one embodiment a potting material is usedto selectively encapsulate the power driver circuit portion of thecircuit board 1200 shown in view C and schematically in FIGS. 13 and 14Aand 14B. In some embodiments, a safety circuit may be integral to the DCmotor. In this embodiment the safety circuit may be encapsulated by thepotting material to protect it from contaminants. In one embodiment, thepotting material may be any moisture-resistant potting material such as,but not limited to parylene, room temperature vulcanizing siliconeelastomers (RTV's), silicone, epoxies, adhesives, plastics, or the like.

In some embodiments, the remainder of circuit board 1200, which includesthe controller portion, remains un-encapsulated. Thus, when circuitboard 1200 is incorporated into the drive system, the controller portionof circuit board 1200, which is un-encapsulated and exposed, may be oneof the first portions of the circuit board 1200 that comes in contactwith any contaminant. After being exposed to a contaminant, the drivesystem may become disabled, as a result of an electrical fault inducedby the contaminant in the controller portion, which would prevent thecontroller portion from controlling the encapsulated power drivercircuit before the power driver circuit is exposed to the contaminant.Therefore, a contaminant induced electrical fault, such as a shortcircuit condition, may be controllably isolated to a selected portion ofan electrical system.

Yet, further embodiments may employ, alternatively or in addition toselective potting, one or more dissolvable circuit elements, such asfuses, located in a current path of electrical systems. For example, adissolvable circuit element may include a fuse or circuit formed frommetallic powder or unidirectional carbon fibers held in a dissolvablematrix, such as starch, sugar, or the like, combinations of contaminantsensitive materials, or the like, located in series with the circuitpath from the output 1410 of the motor power supply 1406 to the powerdriver

circuit enclosed within dashed line 1401. (See FIG. 14). Thus, if thedissolvable circuit element comes into contact with a contaminant, itdissolves and opens the circuit path and no power is available to run DCmotor 1408. Other embodiments may employ any suitable locations orcurrent paths for the one or more dissolvable circuit elements.

As shown in the simplified schematic of FIG. 15, in other embodiments,the dissolvable fuse 1502 or circuit is part of the power supply portion1504 of circuit 1500. A switch, relay, or the like 1510 is be used toprovide power from the power supply 1514 to the power driver circuit1506 (such as an H-bridge, or the like) along a power line 1516. Thedissolvable fuse 1502 or circuit is used to provide a signal to therelay 1510 along a signal line 1508 to keep the relay 1510 closed, andthus, power supplied along the power line 1516. If the dissolvable fuse1502 or circuit dissolves, then the signal on the signal line 1508 isremoved, the relay 1510 opens, and no power is provided along the powerline 1516 to the power driver circuit 1506. Consequently, the powerdriver circuit 1506 cannot supply power to the load 1512 (such as amotor, actuator, pump, or the like) even if a controller 1518 commandsthat the load 1512 be turned-on or if the potted power diver circuit1506 later fails and incorrectly tries to provide power to the load1512. In this embodiment, the dissolvable fuse 1502 or circuit can bethin and easily dissolvable, because it carries very little current tokeep the power-carrying relay 1510 closed.

As shown in the partial schematics of FIGS. 16 and 17, in embodimentsthat use a dissolvable fuse 1602, 1702 or circuit in a power line 1604,1704 that actually carry the power, the dissolvable fuse 1602, 1702 orcircuit must be carefully designed to dissolve quickly, yet be thickenough to carry the current load from a power source 1608, 1708 througha power driver circuit 1606, 1706 to a DC motor 1610, 1710, or the like.In further alternatives, the dissolvable fuse 1602 or circuit maycontrol one or more individual switches or relays (not shown) thatcontrol each of the power pathways in a power driver circuit.

In further alternative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 18, a dissolvablefuse 1802 may be un-potted while critical portions (such as the powerdriver circuit 1804) of the remaining circuit 1800 are potted forprotection. If a contaminant contacts the circuit 1800, the dissolvablefuse 1802 would dissolve preventing a signal from a controller 1806 fromreaching the power driver circuit 1804. Without a signal from thecontroller 1806, the power driver circuit 1804 will not connect powerfrom a power supply 1808 to a load 1810. And the circuit 1800 isdisabled in a safe manner. The dissolvable fuse 1802 may be designed tocarry very little electrical load and therefore dissolve very quicklysince the signal from the controller is likely to be at a relatively lowpower compared to portions of the circuit 1800 that carry power from thepower supply 1808.

In still further alternative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 19, adissolvable fuse 1902 may be un-potted while critical portions (such asthe power driver circuit 1904) of the remaining circuit 1900 are pottedfor protection. If a contaminant contacts the circuit 1900, thedissolvable fuse 1902 would dissolve preventing power from a powersupply 1908 from reaching the power driver circuit 1904. Even if acontroller 1906 continues to send signals the power driver circuit 1904to provide power to a load 1910, no power will be available. And even ifthe power driver circuit were to fail and inadvertently try to connectthe power supply 1908 to the load 1910, still no power would beavailable to the load 1910.

In still other embodiments, the dissolvable fuse 1902 may be locatedalong line ‘X’ between the power driver circuit 1904 and the load 1910,or along line ‘Y’ between the load 1910 and the power supply 1908. Infact, one or more dissolvable fuses may be used between the power supply1908, the power driver circuit 1904, and the load 1910. If any of thedissolvable fuses is touched by a contaminant, the portion of thecircuit 1900 that carries power will have at least one open and thus bedisabled.

It should be understood that in all embodiments that employ adissolvable fuse, that the dissolvable fuse might be a fuse, switch, orcircuit.

In alternative embodiments, the dissolvable fuse or circuit may open acircuit under normal conditions, and close the circuit upon detection ofcontamination.

The dissolvable circuit elements may be dissolved by contact with aparticular contaminant, such as moisture, fluids, oil, particular gases,or the like. In one embodiment, a selected portion or portions of theelectrical system are potted, and the dissolvable circuit elements areleft un-encapsulated by potting material. In this manner, thedissolvable circuit elements may be exposed to the contaminant and thusdissolve and cause an open in the current path which may disable theelectrical system before a contaminant induced electrical fault mayoccur in the selected potted areas. In another embodiment, only thecontaminant dissolvable circuit elements may remain un-encapsulated bythe potting material. The remainder of the electrical system may beencapsulated.

In further alternatives, the dissolvable fuse or circuit may dissolveupon exposure to excess temperature, light, current, voltage, or thelike. Thus, contaminants may be solid, gas or liquid, or an unacceptablechange in electrical state, or physical state.

Still other embodiments may employ, alternatively or in addition toselective potting and/or contaminant dissolvable circuit elements, oneor more contaminant sensing elements, such as humidity sensors, gassensors, fluid sensors, pressure sensors, temperature sensors,accelerometer, light sensors, or the like. In one embodiment, thecontaminant sensing elements may be left un-encapsulated by pottingmaterial such that a contaminant may be sensed by the contaminantsensing elements before the contaminant may contact other portions ofthe electrical system. In one embodiment, the one or more contaminantsensing elements may comprise one or more pairs of conductive plates orother conductive members separated by a small distance and may besituated in a manner such that a contaminant may be received between theplates. Thus, the contaminant may short a pair of plates together. Theshorting together of the plates may, in one embodiment, complete acircuit. The completed circuit may then convey, for example, a signal toa controller or other device operative to shut down the system in adefined or safe manner. Other embodiments may employ any other suitablecontaminant sensing elements.

In further embodiments, the dissolvable fuse 1502, 1602, 1702, 1802, and1902 in FIGS. 15-19, respectively, is replaced with a contaminantsensing element that is activated upon sensing the presence of acontaminant, electrical change or physical change. Thus, thecontaminant-sensing element may open a switch upon sensing the presenceof a contaminant, electrical change, or physical change to disable thesystem. In alternative embodiments, the contaminant-sensing element mayopen a circuit under normal conditions, and close the circuit uponsensing the presence of a contaminant, electrical change, or physicalchange to disable the system.

In all of the above embodiments, when a disabling event occurs, thecontroller may be operative to produce some form of user-perceptiblesignal in response to the completed circuit to alert a user that acontaminant has been sensed within the system. For example, an warningmessage may be displayed on a display associated with the electricalsystem. As another example, an audio tone may be generated on a speakeror other output device associated with the electrical system to alert auser that the electrical system has detected a fault and is presentlyshutting down. As yet another example, the electrical system may vibratein a manner that a user may detect. In some embodiments, the device maybe further operative to safely shut down the electrical system once acontaminant has been sensed. In further embodiments, the controller orother device may require a reset before the electrical system may againbecome operational. In still other embodiments, the system may send asignal to another device, shut down permanently, operate a predeterminedsteady state or rate, trigger an irreversible destruction or disablementof the device, or the like.

In the embodiments described above, the selective potting has beendescribed in relation to the power driver circuit, a controller, and aDC motor or drive system. However, the embodiments of the presentinvention are not limited to the specific illustrations, and manyvariations in layout, type of devices and components may be made. Forinstance, the selective potting may be directed to causing the powersupply portion to be the portion to fail controllably by leaving it asthe portion that is left un-encapsulated and it then fails whencontaminants are present. In other embodiments, the motor or drivesystem contains the controller, and the motor is left un-encapsulated tocontrollably fail when exposed to a contaminant.

Although primarily illustrated for infusion devices, the embodiments ofthe present invention described above are applicable to the many otherdevices and systems described above. In other words, one or more of thecircuit portions described above (e.g., but not limited to, thecontroller portion, the power driver circuit portion, the power source,the DC motor, or the like), may be substituted by a different componentor system to selectively control the failure of that component orsystem. For example by way of illustration, but not limited to, theselective potting could be applied to sensor monitors and systems. Theselective potting may be applied to expose and disable the signalscoming from a sensor. For instance, in one type of glucose sensor, thesignal is measured as a change in current based upon the interaction ofthe glucose molecule with a reagent, oxidase, reactive agent, or thelike, to produce an electrical signal. If the sensor monitor is exposedto a contaminant, the signal would be disrupted or shorted to preventerroneous signals from reaching the monitor. The sensor may also displayan error message, or provide an indication of failure or systemcompromise. In still other embodiments, the sensor may be controlled toproduce a steady state signal of the last reading along with theindication of failure or compromise. In other embodiments, the power tothe sensor may be interrupted. Sensors may be used to monitor otherbiological functions or processes, as described above, and should not beviewed as being limited to glucose sensors. The sensor applicationsapply to meters as well as monitors, and covers applications that takediscrete measurements, continuous measurements, near-continuousmeasurements, pulsatile measurements, intermittent.

Controlled failure can be important in sensor monitoring applications,since the sensors are often used to determine the quality or compliancein a process, therapy, or the like. In medical applications, the usermay be dependent on sensor readings to determine the amount ofmedication to administer. Erroneous data could make treatmentineffective or deadly. If the sensor is part of an automated orsemi-automated closed loop system that includes a sensor system, apatient could be adversely affected during a sensor system failurewithout notice, since the aim of a closed loop system is to minimizeuser interaction with the system. A user could then get too much or toolittle medication, drugs, and/or fluids.

From the above, one of ordinary skill in the art can readily appreciatethe applicability of embodiments of the present invention to otherdevices and systems that require and/or benefit from the controlledfailure that can be achieved to minimize or eliminate the possibilityharm to users of the devices or systems.

While the description above refers to particular embodiments of thepresent invention, it will be understood that many modifications may bemade without departing from the spirit thereof. The accompanying claimsare intended to cover such modifications as would fall within the truescope and spirit of the present invention.

The presently disclosed embodiments are therefore to be considered inall respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of theinvention being indicated by the appended claims, rather than theforegoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning andrange of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embracedtherein.

1. A drive system connectable to a power source, for providingelectrical power to drive an electrical load, the drive systemcomprising: at least one electrical load terminal for electronicconnection to a load; a converter circuit for converting electricalpower from the power source to electrical power to provide to the atleast one electrical load terminal, and at least one circuit elementwith a voltage drop in the forward direction that is greater than avoltage drop in the reverse direction electrically coupled between theconverter circuit and the at least one electrical load terminal; whereinthe converter circuit comprises a DC-DC step up converter configured toconvert the DC power signal from the power source to a load power signalhaving a DC value corresponding to at least the sum of a rated DC valueof the load and voltage drop across the at least one circuit element. 2.A drive system, connectable to a power source, for providing electricalpower to drive an electrical load, the drive system comprising: at leastone electrical load terminal for electrical connection to a load; aconverter circuit for converting electrical power from the power sourceto electrical power to provide to the at least one electrical loadterminal, and at least one circuit element with a voltage drop in theforward direction that is greater than a voltage drop in the reversedirection electrically coupled between the converter circuit and the atleast one electrical load terminal; wherein the at least one circuitelement is a Zener diode.
 3. A drive system as recited in claim 2,further comprising a Schottky diode coupled in parallel to the Zenerdiode.
 4. A drive system as recited in claim 2, wherein the at least oneZener diode comprises a Zener diode coupled in a reversed biasedconfiguration.
 5. A drive system as recited in claim 2, wherein the atleast one Zener diode comprises first and second Zener diodes coupled inseries, the second Zener diode being coupled in reverse biasedarrangement relative to the first Zener diode.
 6. A drivable load systemcomprising: a power source for connection to a converter circuit; atleast one electrical load terminal for electronic connection to a load;a converter circuit for converting electrical power from the powersource to electrical power to provide to the at least one electricalload terminal, and at least one circuit element with a voltage drop inthe forward direction being greater than a voltage drop in the reversedirection electrically coupled between the converter circuit and the atleast one electrical load terminal; wherein the at least one circuitelement is a Zener diode.
 7. A drivable load system comprising: a powersource for connection to a converter circuit; at least one electricalload terminal for electronic connection to a load; a converter circuitfor converting electrical power from the power source to electricalpower to provide to the at least one electrical load terminal, at leastone circuit element with a voltage drop in the forward direction beinggreater than a voltage drop in the reverse direction electricallycoupled between the converter circuit and the at least one electricalload terminal; and a drivable load connected to the at least oneelectrical load terminal, wherein the drivable load has a first state ofmotion and a second state of motion.
 8. A system according to claim 7,wherein the drivable load imparts a friction force against the secondstate of motion which is sufficient to overcome torque generated by ashort circuit between the power source and the at least one circuitelement.
 9. A drivable load system comprising: a power source forconnection to a converter circuit; at least one electrical load terminalfor electronic connection to a load; a converter circuit for convertingelectrical power from the power source to electrical power to provide tothe at least one electrical load terminal, at least one circuit elementwith a voltage drop in the forward direction being greater than avoltage drop in the reverse direction electrically coupled between theconverter circuit and the at least one electrical load terminal; and adrivable load connected to the at least one electrical load terminal,wherein the drivable load is configured to provide a medical treatmentto a patient when provided power.
 10. A drivable load system comprising:a power source for connection to a converter circuit; at least oneelectrical load terminal for electronic connection to a load; aconverter circuit for converting electrical power from the power sourceto electrical power to provide to the at least one electrical loadterminal, at least one circuit element with a voltage drop in theforward direction being greater than a voltage drop in the reversedirection electrically coupled between the converter circuit and the atleast one electrical load terminal; and a drivable load connected to theat least one electrical load terminal, wherein the drivable load is apump.
 11. A drivable load system comprising: a power source forconnection to a converter circuit; at least one electrical load terminalfor electronic connection to a load; a converter circuit for convertingelectrical power from the power source to electrical power to provide tothe at least one electrical load terminal, at least one circuit elementwith a voltage drop in the forward direction being greater than avoltage drop in the reverse direction electrically coupled between theconverter circuit and the at least one electrical load terminal; and adrivable load connected to the at least one electrical load terminal,wherein the drivable load is a motor.
 12. A method for providingelectrical power to drive an electrical load, the method comprising:providing a converter circuit connectable to a power source forconverting electrical power from the power source to electrical power toprovide to at least one electrical load terminal; connecting at leastone circuit element with a voltage drop in the forward direction that isgreater than a voltage drop in the reverse direction between theconverter circuit and the at least one electrical load terminal,connecting the at least one electrical load terminal to a load; andconnecting a Schottky diode in parallel to the at least one circuitelement.
 13. A method for providing electrical power to drive anelectrical load, the method comprising: providing a converter circuitconnectable to a power source for converting electrical power from thepower source to electrical power to provide to at least one electricalload terminal; connecting at least one circuit element with a voltagedrop in the forward direction that is greater than a voltage drop in thereverse direction between the converter circuit and the at least oneelectrical load terminal; and connecting the at least one electricalload terminal to a load; wherein the at least one circuit element is atleast one Zener diode.
 14. A method for providing electrical power todrive an electrical load, the method comprising: providing a convertercircuit connectable to a power source for converting electrical powerfrom the power source to electrical power to provide to at least oneelectrical load terminal; connecting at least one circuit element with avoltage drop in the forward direction that is greater than a voltagedrop in the reverse direction between the converter circuit and the atleast one electrical load terminal; and connecting the at least oneelectrical load terminal to a load; wherein connecting the at least onecircuit element comprises connecting at least one Zener diode in areversed biased configuration between the converter circuit and the atleast one electrical load terminal.
 15. A method as provided in claim13, wherein the at least one Zener diode comprises first and secondZener diodes coupled in series, the second Zener diode being coupled inreverse biased arrangement relative to the first Zener diode.
 16. Amethod as provided in claim 13, wherein the converter circuit comprisesa DC-DC step up converter configured to convert the DC power signal fromthe power source to a load power signal having a DC value correspondingto at least the sum of a rated DC value of the electrical load andvoltage drop across the at least one circuit element.